书城养生烟草工业与人类健康
11377500000045

第45章 戒烟的治疗(4)

α4β2尼古丁乙酰胆碱能受体部分激动剂[如司巴丁(金雀花碱)、伐尼克兰]具有激动和拮抗的双重作用,因而具有良好的治疗效果。临床试验显示,伐尼克兰的戒断率大约是安慰剂的3倍,是安非他酮的1.5~1.9倍。Ⅲ期临床试验显示,它可能比尼古丁替代疗法和安非他酮更有效。伐尼克兰的常见不良反应有恶心等消化道症状,但较轻微,戒烟者多数可以忍受。但此药上市后有报告患者出现焦虑、抑郁和自杀的案例,故伐尼克兰在使用说明中添加进了新的安全性警告。不过到目前为止,这些神经精神不良反应与服用伐尼克兰的因果关系尚未被证实。

4.尼古丁依赖的其他临床可行的药物治疗方案

(1)间接的单胺激动剂:既往有研究证据表明,尼古丁依赖的神经生物学涉及单胺类。几种抑制NA和5羟色胺再摄取的三环类抗抑郁药(TCA),如去甲替林和多塞平(多虑平)联合治疗,可能强化戒烟效果。然而,TCA有明显的不良反应,如抗胆碱能毒性,大剂量经常致死。

(2)5羟色胺类药:一类耐受性更好、更安全的抗抑郁药,选择性5羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)已研制成功,在调节吸烟行为中发挥5HT的作用,对一部分有抑郁病史的吸烟者有益。丁螺环酮(buspar)是一种用来治疗焦虑性不适的抗焦虑药,是5HT1A受体部分激动剂。5HT1A受体是突触前和突触后的抑制性自主受体。因此,用丁螺环酮刺激5HT1A受体导致突触前5HT释放减少,似乎是发挥它的抗焦虑效应。丁螺环酮不产生躯体依赖,这一点使其成为治疗尼古丁依赖的强有力的替补,尤其是针对焦虑性吸烟者。

(3)α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂:可乐定是一种最初证实用来治疗高血压的α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,现已经发现在治疗阿片戒断中有作用,这与中枢神经系统肾上腺素能受体的超活性有关。1985—1993年开展的几项临床试验证实,可乐定在戒烟试验中有微弱的效能,但是由于可乐定有严重的副作用,如镇静、便秘和直立性低血压,而限制了它的使用。大量经皮和口服试验证明该药的轻微效能,因此可乐定可当作二线戒烟药物应用于临床。

(4)烟碱受体拮抗剂:神经节阻滞剂美卡拉明(美加明)是高亲和力nAchR离子通道的非竞争性拮抗剂,具有与安非他酮、TCA和SSRI相似的疗效。它可减少与吸烟有关的满足感和迫切性。其不良反应包括腹痛、便秘、口干和头痛。两项研究暗示美卡拉明联合TNP比TNP加安慰剂有更好的治疗效果。虽然联合激动剂(TNP)和拮抗剂(美卡拉明)看起来是相反的,但长期使用可下调nAchR,也可能对高亲和力nAchR亚单位复合体有明显的作用。

尼古丁依赖至吸烟成瘾,是一个慢性反复发作的过程,只有从其病理机制着手,找出原因和影响因素,有针对性地采取药物治疗和非药物治疗,才能循序渐进、行之有效地进行戒烟。

参考文献

[1]Arnett J J.The myth of peer influence in adolescent smoking initiation[J].Health EducBehav,2007,34(4):594-607.

[2]杨功焕.2010全球成人烟草调查——中国报告[R].北京:中国三峡出版社,2011.

[3]Guassora A D,Gannik D.Developing and maintaining patients’ trust during general practice consultations:The case of smoking cessation advice[J].Patient Education and Counseling,2010,78(1):46-52.

[4]Walsh P M,Carrillo P,Flores G,et al.Effects of partner smoking status and gender on long term abstinence rates of patients receiving smoking cessation treatment[J].Addictive Behaviors,2007,32(1):128-136.

[5]Raupach T,Shahab L,Neubert K,et al.Implementing a hospitalbased smoking cessation programme:Evidence for a learning effect[J].Patient Education and Counseling,2008,70(2):199-204.

[6]Simmons V N,Litvin E B,Patel R D,et al.Patientprovider communication and perspectives on smoking cessation and relapse in the oncology setting[J].Patient Education and Counseling,2009,77(3):398-403.

[7]Pipe A,Sorensen M,Reid R.Physician smoking status,attitudes toward smoking,and cessation advice to patients:An international survey[J].Patient Education and Counseling,2009,74(1):118-123.

[8]von Garnier C,Kochuparackal S,Miedinger D,et al.Smoking cessation advice:Swiss physicians lack training[J].Cancer Detection and Prevention,2008,32(3):209-214.

[9]Baca C T,Yahne C E.Smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment:What you need to know[J].Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,2009,36(2):205-219.

[10]Tnnesen P.Smoking cessation:How compelling is the evidence? [J].Health Policy 91 Suppl,2009,1:S15-S25.

[11]Twigg L,Moon G,Szatkowski L,et al.Smoking cessation in England:Intentionality,anticipated ease of quitting and advice provision[J].Social Science Medicine,2009,68(4):610-619.

[12]Pisinger C,Vestbo J,Johnsen K B,et al.Smoking cessation intervention in a large randomised populationbased study[J].The Inter 99 study.Prev Med,2005,40(3):285-292.

[13]Kotz D,van Litsenburg W,van Durling R,et al.Smoking cessation treatment by Dutch respiratory nurses:Reported practice,attitudes and perceived effectiveness[J].Patient Education and Counseling,2008,70(1):40-49.

[14]Uysal M A,Kadakal F,Karsidag C,et al.Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence:reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis[J].Turberk Toraks,2004,52(2):115-121.

[15]罗娟,梁建辉.烟草及尼古丁成瘾的神经递质基础[J].中国药物依赖性杂志,2008,17(2):88-92

[16]谭林湘,唐全胜,郝伟.尼古丁依赖与烟瘾治疗[J].中南大学学报,2009,34(11):1049-1057.

[17]Aubin H J,Lebargy F,Berlin I,et al.Efficacy of bupropion and predictors of successful outcome in a sample of French smokers:a randomized placebo controlled trial[J].Addiction,2004,99(9):1206-1218.