Vegetarianism encompasses the practice of following plant－based diets （fruits， vegetables， etc。）， with or without the inclusion of dairy products or eggs， and with the exclusion of meat （red meat， poultry， and seafood）。 Abstention from by－products of animal slaughter， such as animal－derived rennet and gelatin， may also be practiced。
Vegetarianism can be adopted for different reasons： In addition to ethical reasons， some reasons for vegetarianism include health， religious， political， environmental， cultural， aesthetic or economic， and there are varieties of the diet： An ovo－vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products， a lacto－vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs， and an ovo－lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products。 A vegan （or strict vegetarian） diet excludes all animal products， such as eggs， dairy， and honey。 Environmental vegetarianism is based on the concern that the production of meat and animal products for mass consumption， especially through factory farming， is environmentally unsustainable。 In May 2009， Ghent， Belgium， was reported to be “the first ［city］ in the world to go vegetarian at least once a week” for environmental reasons， when local authorities decided to implement a “weekly meatless day”。 Civil servants would eat vegetarian meals one day per week， in recognition of the United Nations’ report。
The American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada have stated that at all stages of life， a properly planned vegetarian diet is “healthful， nutritionally adequate， and provides health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases”。 Large－scale studies have shown that mortality from ischemic heart disease was 30％ lower among vegetarian men and 20％ lower among vegetarian women than in non－vegetarians。 Necessary nutrients， proteins， and amino acids for the body’s sustenance can be found in vegetables， grains， nuts， soymilk， eggs and dairy。 Vegetarian diets offer lower levels of saturated fat， cholesterol and animal protein， and higher levels of carbohydrates， fiber， magnesium， potassium， foliate， and antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and photochemical。
2素食主义多样性的表达方式
（1）Vegetarian严守素食主义者
Vegetarian avoid all food made from animals， such as eggs， milk， cheese and honey。
（2）Ovo－lacto奶蛋素素食主义者
An ovo－lacto vegetarian （or lacto－ovo vegetarian） is a vegetarian who does not eat animal flesh of any kind， but is willing to consume dairy and egg products。 In the Western world lacto－ovo vegetarians are the most common type of vegetarian。
（3）Raw foodism生食主义
Raw foodism （or rawism） is the practice of consuming uncooked， unprocessed， and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet。Depending on the type of lifestyle and results desired， raw food diets may include a selection of raw fruits， vegetables， nuts， seeds （including sprouted whole grains such as gaba rice）， eggs， fish （such as sashimi）， meat （such as carpaccio）， and non－pasteurized／non－homogenized dairy products （such as raw milk， raw milk cheese， and raw milk yogurt）（4）Fruitarianism食果实主义
Fruitarianism involves the practice of following a diet that includes fruits， nuts and seeds， without animal products， vegetables and grains。 Fruitarianism is a subset of dietary veganism。
素食主义是一种饮食文化，实践这种饮食文化的人称为素食主义者，这些人不食用来自动物身上各部分所制成的食物，包括动物油、动物胶。世界各国或不同文化下的素食主义有所不同，有些素食主义者可食用蜂蜜、奶类和蛋类，有些则否。世界上许多素食者都是基于宗教的因素而食素。五辛是葱、蒜、洋葱、韭菜及兴渠，在佛教中认为去除五辛之后才是真正的素食，回教徒不能吃猪、狗、驴肉。还有一些是非宗教类原因。
Key words ＆ Sentences
关键词句全知道
Pulses are a good source of protein for vegetarians。
对于素食者来说，豆类食物是蛋白质的理想来源。
In addition to food， the strictly vegetarian nor make use of animal products， such as leather， fur and cosmetics containing animal ingredients。
除了食物之外，严守素食主义者也不使用动物制成的商品，例如皮革、皮草和含动物性成分的化妆品。
Deciding to become a vegetarian involves more than most people realize。 It is a lifestyle change。
决定是否成为素食主义者涉及的东西往往超过许多人所意识到的。它是一种生活方式的改变。
Lacto–Ovo vegetarians eat plant foods， eggs， and other dairy products。
奶蛋素食主义者吃一些植物食品、鸡蛋和乳制品。
Lacto vegetarians eat only plant foods and dairy products。 They do not eat eggs or meat。 Eggs are considered potential animals。
乳素食者只吃一些植物食品和乳制品。他们不吃蛋和肉。他们认为蛋是一种潜在动物。