这三个词都表示“花费”的意思。spend 表示“ 某人在某事上花费时间、钱”等；take 则指“ 做某事花费某人时间”；cost 一般指“做某事用了某人钱”等， 有时也可以用来表示“ 花费时间”。试比较：
We spent a year on the book. 我们花了一年时间写那本书。
He spent a week looking around the factory.
他用了一周在工厂察看。
It takes us 50 hours to get to Hongkong by train.
坐火车到香港要花50 小时。
It cost me ＄500 to fly to London. 坐飞机到伦敦要用500 美元。
11. Some day the people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had-getting rid of this staff. 有一天那些买东西的人肯定会面临我们现在遇到的同一问题--怎么打发掉这些东西。
1 )getting rid of this staff 是个动名词短语， 作problem 的同位语。
动名词在句中可以充当同位语。
The first plan， attacking at night， was turned down.
第一个计划是夜袭， 被拒绝了。
2 )be bound to 一定；必然
It you continue like this， you are bound to be a great scientist.
如果一直这样下去， 你一定会成为一个伟大的科学家。
In a group as big as this， you a re bound to get occasional disagree- ment.
这么大的一群人， 你必然会遇到偶尔的意见分歧。
3 )be faced with 面临， 面对
We a re faced with many difficulties in carrying through the task.
在完成这一任务的过程中， 我们曾遇到了许多困难。
The main difficulty that we are faced with today is supplying food
to those in need. 我们今天面临的困难就是给那些处于困境中的人们提供食物。
Te xt B
Amer ican Stores
美国的商场
Study of the Text
1.In the United States you will find yourself being urged from every page of every newspaper and on practically every television station to buy all kinds of goods that you are actually quite happy without.
在美国， 每份报纸， 差不多每个电视台都在怂恿去购买各类商品， 而事实上， 即使不买这些东西， 你依旧过得很快活。
1 )find oneself doing something 为一非常有用的句型。除此表达法外， 还有find oneself + 过去分词及find oneself + 介词等几种形式， 意思是“ 发现自己..， 不自觉地(来到某处)”。
He found himself walking in front of the building.
他不觉间来到了那幢大楼前面。
The enemies were surprised to find themselves surrounded by the
villagers when day broke.
天亮时， 敌人吃惊地发现他们已被村民们包围起来了。
After two hours climb， we found ourselves on the top of the hill.
两小时后， 我们爬上了山顶。
2 )urge 在这里是个及物动词， 意思是“催促；强调”。
We urged him to take steps in the matter.
我们催促他处理那事件。
They urged upon us the necessity of doing so.
他们向我们强调有这样做的必要性。
3 )without 在这里是个介词， 意思是“ 没有， 没有(不言而喻的某种东西)”。
It goes without saying that students have classes.
学生们上课， 那是当然的事。
Never mind， I can manage without.
没关系， 我没有(那东西)也能凑合。
The apple is red without and white within. 苹果皮红肉白。
2.There is a great variety of shops in the United States， ranging from
very large stores called “ department stores”， offering clothing，
furniture， household goods as well as many other goods， to very
small shops that specialize in just one kind of products. 美国有种类繁多的商店： 大到出售服装、家具、家用电器及其他物品的非常大的商店叫做“ 百货商店”， 小到专营某一种商品的非常小的商店。
1 )range from.to.从..到..变化(不等)
The boys’ ages ra nge from seven to thirteen.
男孩们的年龄从7 岁到13 岁不等。
These cases range in weight from two kg. to twenty kg.
这些箱子的重量是2 千克到20 千克不等。
2 )specialize in 专用于..；专门从事
We specialize in glass-******. 我们专门从事制造玻璃业。
That is a company that specializes in producing home computers.
那是一家专门生产家用电脑的公司。
3.Another popular shop is the“ dime store”， sometimes referred to as the“ five and ten”. 另一种流行的商店叫“ 角钱店”， 有时也叫做“ 五分和十分店”。
1 )popular 在这里是个形容词， 意思是“ 流行的；多数人喜爱的， 大众化的”。例如： a popular song 流行歌曲；a popular food 大众化食品；sell at popular prices 以廉价出售等。
2 )refer to.as 称..为..， 把..叫做..
All these a re referred to a s animals. 这些都叫做动物。
The scientists referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.
科学家们把这一发现称之为这一领域最令人激动的新发展。
4.The United States is also known for its“ supermarkets， ” where huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
美国也因其“ 超级市场”而着名， 在超级市场大量出售各种各样的食品和家用小商品。
1 )be known for 因..闻名
The articles in the shop are known for their good quality.
商店里的商品因其良好的质量而有名。
辨异： be known as， be known to， v.
be known as 是“ 被公认为；被称为”。be known to 则为“ 为..
所知， 为..熟悉”。试比较：
She is known as a great singer.她被公认为是位伟大的歌唱家。
He is known to the police as a criminal. 他是警察所熟知的罪犯。
He made it known to his friends that he did not enter politics.
他向朋友们宣布他不想涉足政治。
2 )huge quantities of(a huge quantity of)大量， 许多
Expensive cars are manufactured in large (small)quantities.
大量(少量)昂贵的小车被生产。