[1]Justin Mann, "Firefox User Base Swells to 270 Million,' Techspot: PC Technology News and Analysis, May 6, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?news/34599-firefox-user-base-swells-to-270-million.html (accessed September 30, 2009).
[2]"Net Applications Market Share,' http://www.*****.com/?report.aspx?qprid=1 (accessed January 3, 2009).
[3]Al Fasoldt, "Netscape Makes Its Browser Free Again,' Technofile, February 1998, http://www.*****.com/?technofile/texts/bit020198.html (accessed September 30, 2009).
[4]"The GNU Manifesto,' GNU Operating System, http://www.*****.com/?gnu/manifesto.html (accessed January 2, 2009).
[5]"The Free Software Definition,' GNU Operating System, http://www.*****.com/?philosophy/free-sw.html (accessed January 2, 2009).
[6]Ian A. Murdock, "NNTP Subject: New Release under Development; Suggestions Requested,' August 16, 1993, http://www.*****.com/?group/comp.os.linux.development/msg/a32d4e2ef3bcdcc6 (accessed May 31, 2009).
[7]Joe Klemmer, "A Short History of Linux Distributions,' LWN.net, June 30, 2004, http://www.*****.com/?Articles/91371 (accessed September 30, 2009). Also see Adam J. Richter, "ANNOUNCE: Alpha Release of Turnkey Linux/GNU/X System on CDROM,' Kernel Trap, November 24, 1992, http://www.*****.com/?mailarchive/linux-activists/1992/11/25/1664 (accessed September 30, 2009).
[8]Open Source Initiative, "The Open Source Definition,' http://www.*****.com/?docs/osd (accessed December 20, 2008).
[9]Open Source Initiative, "History of the OSI,' http://www.*****.com/?history (accessed December 20, 2008).
[10]Mozilla Project, "The Mozilla Manifesto,' http://www.*****.com/?about/manifesto (accessed November 5, 2008).
[11]Janet Kornblum, "Netscape Sets Source Code Free,' CNET News, March 31, 1998.
[12]Christopher M. Kelty, Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).
[13]Ibid.
[14]CVS is one of about five different systems that allow a large number of programmers to collaborate on a single project. CVS is a specific product classified under the broader rubric of Version Control System. CVS was the first system of its kind.
[15]Mitchell Baker, personal interview, November 20, 2008.
[16]Darryl K. Taft, "Startup Helps Assess Open-Source Projects,' eWeek, July 13, 2006, http://www.*****.com/?/ssrn.com/abstract=1286273.
[25]Ibid.
[26]Mozilla Project, see note 10.
[27]Jon Brodkin, "Firefox Add-on Enhances Web for Visually Impaired,' Network World, September 9, 2008, www.networkworld.com/news/2008/090908-firefox-visual-add.html. Also see "Accessibility Features of Firefox,' mozillaZine, http://www.*****.com/?Accessibility_features_of_Firefox (accessed April 2, 2009).
[28]Asa Dotzler, see note 23.
[29]Jens Rasmussen, Berndt Brehmer, and Jacques Leplat (eds.), Distributed Decision Making: Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work (New York: Wiley, 1991).
[30]Mozilla Project, "Distributed Decision-Making: Mozilla Modules and Module Ownership,' http://www.*****.com/?hacking/module-ownership (accessed October 28, 2009).
[31]Mitchell Baker, see note 15.
[32]Ibid.
[33]Asa Dotzler, see note 23.
[34]Brian Behlendorf, personal correspondence, January 8, 2009.
[35]Mozilla Project, "Becoming a Mozilla Committer,' http://www.*****.com/?hacking/committer/ (accessed October 30, 2009).
[36]Ibid.
[37]Asa Dotzler, see note 23.
[38]Mozilla Project, "Mozilla.org Drivers,' http://www.*****.com/?about/drivers (accessed January 8, 2009).
[39]Mozilla Project, "Module Owners Activities Modules,' https://wiki.mozilla.org/Module_Owners_Activities_Modules (accessed January 14, 2008).
[40]There are also examples of proprietary forks. Working under an AT＆T Unix source license, U.C. Berkeley's Computing Systems Research Group (CSRG) created Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix operating system that was itself forked into many BSD variants, including OpenBSD, BSD OS, and MachTen. Unix-based NeXTStep became the MacIntosh OS 10 operating system by way of a BSD fork. BSD also spawned Solaris. Applications born from other projects include open-source content management systems, office suites, text editors, open-source instant messaging applications, and many other systems and protocols. See http://www.*****.com/?faq/Licensing_and_Law/forking.html (accessed October 30, 2009).
[41]Bugzilla.org, "Installation List,' http://www.*****.com/?installation-list/ (accessed January 20, 2009).
[42]David Tenser, "The Vision for SUMO, Part 2: Understanding the Bigger Picture,' SUMO Blog: The Support.Mozilla.com (SUMO) Project Blog, http://www.*****.com/?sumo/2008/09/02/the-vision-for-sumo-2/ (accessed January 2, 2009).
[43]Mozilla Project, "Mozilla Community,' http://www.*****.com/?community/ (accessed December 5, 2008).
[44]David Tenser, see note 42.
[45]Support.Mozilla.com, "How to Contribute,' https://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Approving+articles+and+edits (accessed on January 15, 2009).
[46]David Tenser, see note 42.
[47]Mozilla Project, see note 10.
[48]"Spread Firefox | The Home of Firefox Community Marketing,' http://www.*****.com/? (accessed January 3, 2009).
[49]Compete, Inc., "Site Profile for Foxiewire.com,' http://www.*****.com/?foxiewire.com/ (accessed January 15, 2009).
[50]"For the Record,' Spread Firefox | The Home of Firefox Community Marketing, http://www.*****.com/?fortherecord (accessed January 14, 2009).
[51]Daniel Mintz, "Government 2.0: Fact or Fiction?' The Public Manager (Spring 2008).
[52]"Interacting with One of the Web's Most Popular Pages,' Blog of Metrics, http://www.*****.com/?metrics/ (accessed January 14, 2009).
[53]"Campus Reps,' Spread Firefox | The Home of Firefox Community Marketing, http://www.*****.com/? (accessed January 3, 2009).
[54]Jay Patel, "Watch Our Campus Reps Hit the Streets,' Jay's Blog, http://www.*****.com/?jay/2008/12/26/watch-our-campus-reps-hit-the-streets/ (accessed January 11, 2009).
[55]"Introducing the Design Challenge,' FoxieWire: Your Source for Daily Mozilla News, http://www.*****.com/?Mozilla/Introducing_the_Design_Challenge (accessed January 11, 2009).
[56]"Impact Mozilla Challenge,' http://www.*****.com/? (accessed January 11, 2009).
[57]"Welcome to a World without Oil,' streaming video, http://www.*****.com/? (accessed January 12, 2009).
[58]Andrew Chadwick, Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
[59]"Download Day 2008,' Spread Firefox | The Home of Firefox Community Marketing, http://www.*****.com/?en-US/worldrecord (accessed January 12, 2009).
[60]Jennifer Leggio, "Firefox 3 and Community: How Mozilla Used Social Networking to Set a World Record,' ZDNet, July 8 2008, http://www.*****.com/?feeds/?p=140 (accessed January 13, 2009).
[61]"Internet Users Worldwide by Region, 2007–2012,' eMarketer (January 2008) http://www.*****.com/? (accessed November 28, 2008).
[62]"Fans of Mozilla Firefox,' Facebook, http://www.*****.com/?pages/Mozilla-Firefox/14696440021 (accessed February 1, 2009).
[63]David Boswell, Brian King, Ian Oeschger, Pete Collins, and Eric Murphy, Creating Applications with Mozilla (Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates, Inc., 2002).
[64]David Boswell, "How to Build a Nonprofit for Your Company,' Policy DevCenter, http://www.*****.com/?policy/ (accessed April 15, 2009).
[65]See http://www.*****.com/?projects/top50.html (accessed October 30, 2009).
[66]Frank Hecker, "The Mozilla Foundation Reorganization,' http://www.*****.com/?mozilla/dot-reorg (accessed April 16, 2009).
[67]"National Geographic Creates Entertainment Unit,' http://www.*****.com/?pressroom/ (accessed April 16, 2009).
[68]"A Message from Mayor Jerry Sanders,' Sandiego.gov, http://www.*****.com/?mayor/budgetsuggestions.shtml (accessed January 24, 2009).
[69]Dawid Weiss, "Quantitative Analysis of Open Source Projects at Source Forge,' Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland, 2005.
[70]Though it is beyond the scope of this report, it is important to note that start-up costs for an open source project can be considerable. Lotus 1–2-3 designer, cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and former Mozilla board member Mitch Kapor funded the development of an open source PIM (personal information management) suite known as Chandler for six years before abandoning the project. See Matt Asay, "Mitch Kapor Bails on the Chandler Project,' CNET News, January 9, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?8301-13505_3-9847739-16.html (accessed September 23, 2009).
[71]Peter Corbett, "Apps for Democracy Yields 4,000% ROI in 30 Days for D.C. Gov,' iStrategyLabs, November 15, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?2008/11/apps-for-democracy-yields-4000-roi-in-30-days-for-dcgov/ (accessed October 28, 2009).
[72]Presidential Memorandum on Transparent and Open Government, January 21, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?the_press_office/Trans parencyandOpenGovernment (accessed September 23, 2009):
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release January 21, 2009
January 21, 2009
MEMORANDUM FOR THE HEADS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES
SUBJECT: Transparency and Open Government
My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of openness in Government. We will work together to ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration. Openness will strengthen our democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in Government.
Government should be transparent. Transparency promotes accountability and provides information for citizens about what their Government is doing. Information maintained by the Federal Government is a national asset. My Administration will take appropriate action, consistent with law and policy, to disclose information rapidly in forms that the public can readily find and use. Executive departments and agencies should harness new technologies to put information about their operations and decisions online and readily available to the public. Executive departments and agencies should also solicit public feedback to identify information of greatest use to the public.
Government should be participatory. Public engagement enhances the Government's effectiveness and improves the quality of its decisions. Knowledge is widely dispersed in society, and public officials benefit from having access to that dispersed knowledge. Executive departments and agencies should offer Americans increased opportunities to participate in policymaking and to provide their Government with the benefits of their collective expertise and information. Executive departments and agencies should also solicit public input on how we can increase and improve opportunities for public participation in Government.
Government should be collaborative. Collaboration actively engages Americans in the work of their Government. Executive departments and agencies should use innovative tools, methods, and systems to cooperate among themselves, across all levels of Government, and with nonprofit organizations, businesses, and individuals in the private sector. Executive departments and agencies should solicit public feedback to assess and improve their level of collaboration and to identify new opportunities for cooperation.
I direct the Chief Technology Officer, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Administrator of General Services, to coordinate the development by appropriate executive departments and agencies, within 120 days, of recommendations for an Open Government Directive, to be issued by the Director of OMB, that instructs executive departments and agencies to take specific actions implementing the principles set forth in this memorandum. The independent agencies should comply with the Open Government Directive.
This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.
BARACK OBAMA
[73]http://www.*****.com/?/www.readwrite web.com/archives/barack_obama_campaign_central_desktop.php (accessed September 23, 2009).
[75]Britt Blaser, David Weinberger, and Joe Trippi. "Digital Government Through Social Networks: A Natural Alliance?' People and Place: Ideas That Connect Us 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2009), http://www.*****.com/?/www.bluestatedigital.com/casestudies/client/obama_for_america_2008 (accessed October 28, 2009).
[78]Kevin Merritt, "How Obama Will Use Web Technology,' Techcrunch, January 24, 2008, http://www.*****.com/?2009/01/24/how-obama-will-use-web-technology/ (accessed January 2, 2009).]
[79]"Your Government: Open for Business in New Ways and New Places,' http://www.*****.com/?newmedia/ (accessed October 17, 2009).
[80]"President Obama Launches Office of Public Engagement: A New Name, Mission for White House Liaison Office,' May 11, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?the_press_office/President-Obama-Launches-Office-of-Public-Engagement/ (retrieved October 17, 2009).
[81]Kevin Merritt, see note 78.
[82]"Copyright Policy,' http://www.*****.com/?copyright (accessed October 28, 2009).
[83]Dan McSwain, "Wrapping Up the Citizen's Briefing Book,' Change.gov, http://www.*****.com/?newsroom/entry/wrapping_up_the_citizens_brief ing_book/ (accessed January 17, 2009).
[84]Sam Stein, "Obama's Citizen's Briefing Book Changes the Flow of Information,' The Huffington Post, January 15, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?2009/01/15/obamas-citizens-briefing_n_158035.html (accessed September 30, 2009).
[85]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Protect the Environment,' http://www.*****.com/?/www.whitehouse.gov/open/ (accessed October 28, 2009).
[87]"Open Government Directive, Phase 3: Drafting,' http://www.*****.com/?OpenGov/ (accessed June 22, 2009).
[88]Beth Simone Noveck, Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009).
[89]Ibid.
[90]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Monitoring and Assessing Water Quality,' http://www.*****.com/?volunteer/ (accessed January 16, 2009).
[91]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Guidance for Volunteer Programs,' http://www.*****.com/?owow/monitoring/ (accessed January 16, 2009).
[92]Sarah Rose Engel, "The Effectiveness of Using Volunteers for Biological Monitoring of Streams,' masters in entomology thesis, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 2000.
[93]David Lazer, "What Happens to the Obama Network after the Election,' Personal Democracy Forum: techPresident, November 4, 2008, http://www.*****.com/?blog/entry/2153/what_happens_to_the_obama_network_after_the_election_1 (accessed September 23, 2009).
[94]Dan Froomkin, "It's Time for a Wiki White House,' The Huffington Post, November 25, 2008, http://www.*****.com/?dan-froom kin/its-time-for-a-wiki-white_b_146284.html (accessed December 4, 2008).
[95]Britt Blaser, David Weinberger, and Joe Trippi, "Digital Government through Social Networks: A Natural Alliance?' People and Place: Ideas that Connect Us 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2009) http://www.*****.com/?/www.nasawatch.com/archives/2009/01/space_input_to.html (accessed January 17, 2009).
[97]Daren Brabham, "Crowdslapping the Government: First Amendment Protections for the Crowd in Government Crowdsourcing Ventures.' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Marriott Downtown, Chicago, August 6, 2008, http://www.*****.com/?meta/p271801_index.html (accessed February 5, 2009).
[98]Associated Press, "Perry Finds $3 Million for Border Cameras,' Khou.com, November 19, 2007, http://www.*****.com/?news/state/stories/ (accessed November 27, 2008).
[99]"Wiki White House,' a panel discussion at Google, Washington, DC, January 9, 2009, http://www.*****.com/?events/2008/wiki_white_house (accessed October 28, 2009).
[100]Archon Fung, Mary Graham, and David Weil, Full Disclosure: The Perils and Promise of Transparency (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
[101]Paul Starr, "The Sunlight Solution,' The American Prospect, May 20, 2007, http://www.*****.com/?cs/articles?article=the_sunlight_solution (accessed September 23, 2009).
[102]"Impact on Issues: 2004–2006,' A Guide to Public Policy Positions (League of Women Voters, 2005).
[103]Jonathan Lemire, "Original Cable Guy,' January 15, 2005, http://www.*****.com/?cct_archive/jan05/features3.php (accessed on January 15, 2009).
[104]See the entry Source Watch, "Sunlight Foundation,' http://www.*****.com/?index.php?title=Sunlight_Foundation (accessed January 11, 2009).
[105]KAP's structure loosely resembles that of Mozilla. KAP (beta.knowledgeaspower.org) invites individuals to join small action groups that promote KAP's online services around the state. Volunteers can also take on managerial roles within the organization. KAP asks members to report any bug discovered in the Web site and to recommend additional online features and services.
[106]Mozilla does not encourage long-term blind collaboration. The formal application process for commit privileges brings the volunteer programmer into the community dialog, so that a once-blind collaboration is publicized.
[107]Michael Hauben and Ronda Hauben, Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet, (Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997).
[108]"The Free Software Definition,' see note 5.
[109]Mozilla Project, see note 10.