书城政治超越均势:冷战后的美国南亚安全战略
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第27章 超越均势政策(一):印巴核试验与美国的不扩散政策(6)

[40]全文见http://www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/southasia/Indianuke081799.html,see also http://www.meadev.nic.in/govt/indnucld.htm.

[41]美国卡内基国际和平基金会不扩散项目主任Joseph Cirincione于2002年11月25日与笔者交谈时表示,据他对印度的了解,根据“可信的最低威慑”,印度想要100枚左右的核武器。

[42]U.S.Department of Defense(DOD),“Proliferation:Threat and Response”,January 2001.p.25.

[43]同上。

[44]两位学者在1995年3月9日美国参议院对外关系委员会近东和南亚事务次委员会举行的有关南亚核扩散问题的听证会上的发言。S.HRG.104-46,“Overview of U.S.Policy Toward South Asia.”

[45]Robert M.Hathaway,“Fresh start or shameful retreat on South Asia?”The Christian Science Monitor,December 15,1999.

[46]曾于1992—2002年在美国参议院对外关系委员会近东与南亚次委员会担任高级职员、现任美国企业研究所外交与国防政策研究副主席的丹妮拉·普勒卡女士在2002年11月19日与本人面谈时强调,1998年的印巴核试验不同于1999年的卡吉尔冲突,前者对美国来说已是一个法律层次的问题,后者是一个政策问题。

[47]该法律要求美国停止向巴基斯坦提供援助和政府对政府的军售,除非在每个财政年度开始时,总统能向国会提供巴基斯坦没有发展核武器的证明,而美国的援助又有助于减少巴基斯坦去获得核武器的危险,该修正案又称普雷斯勒制裁。

[48]Bruce Riedel,“New Directions in Indo‐U.S Relations”,February 21,2000,in http://www.sas.upenn.edu/casi.

[49]Richard N.Haass and Morton H.Halperin,“After the Tests:U.S.Policy Toward India and Pakistan”,Independent Task Force Report sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations and Brookings Institution Press,September 1998.p.13.

[50]“Statement by the President of the Security Council”,S/PRST/1998/12,May 14,1998,and S.PRST/1998/17,May 29,1999.

[51]“Joint Communiquéon India and Pakistan Nuclear Tests by the Five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council”,Geneva,June 4,1998.

[52]S/RES/1172(1998),June 6,1998.

[53]“Sino‐U.S.Joint Statement on South Asia”,Beijing,June 27,1998.

[54]Strobe Talbott,Engaging India:Diplomacy,Democracy and the Bomb,New Delhi:Penguin Books India,2004,p.5.

[55]C.Raja Mohan,“In Search of Political Convergence”,in Kanti Bajpai and Amitabh Mattoo,eds.,Engaged Democracies:India‐U.S.Relations in the 21st Century,New Delhi:Har‐Anand PublicatonsPvt Ltd,2000,p.18.

[56]Joseph R.Biden,“A New A p p roach to South Asia”,in http://www.ceip.org/program/npp/biden2.htm.

[57]Martin J.Wojtysiak,“Preventing Catastrophe:U.S.Policy Options for Management of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia”,Air War College,Air University,Maxwell Paper,No.25,August 2001.

[58]Lee Feinstein,“W hen Policy Priorities Converge:U.S.Relations with India and Pakistan”,in Lee Feinsteined,“A New Equation:U.S.Policy toward India and Pakistan after September 11”,Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,Working Paper,No.27,May 2002.

[59]Teresita C.Schafer,“Building a New Partnership with India”,The Washington Quarterly,Spring2002,pp.31-44.

[60]Stephen P.Cohen,“A New Beginning In South Asia”,Brookings Institution,Policy Brief,No.55,January 2000.

[61]National Security Council,“The National Security Strate gy of the United States of America”,September2002,in http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf;“National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction”,December 2002,in http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/WMDStrategy.pdf.

[62]George Perkovich,Joseph Cirincione,Rose Gottemoeller,Jon B.Wolfsthal,and Jessica T.Mathews,“Universal Compliance:A Strategy for Nuclear Security”,Washington,D.C.:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,June 2004.in http://www.ceip.org/